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The Era of the Princes of Aberffraw

• Gruffydd ap Cynan (1081-1137) (Aberffraw dynasty returns)
• Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd (1137-1170) (After Owain, rulers of Gwynedd are styled Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon)
• Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (1170-1173) (inherited Anglesey)
• Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (1170-1195) (inherited Gwynedd to the east of Afon Conwy)
• Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1170-1190) (inherited Gwynedd to the west of Afon Conwy)
• Llywelyn Fawr ap Iorwerth (1195-1240) (Llywelyn the Great)
• Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1240-1246) (First acknowledged Prince of Wales)
• Owain Goch ap Gruffydd  (1246-1255) (Owen the Red)
• Llywelyn ap Gruffydd (1246-1282) (Llywelyn the Last - Second acknowledged Prince of Wales)

If you click on the hypertext links shown in red (or blue/purple) you will be taken to articles in 'Wikipedia' or to other articles within Aberffraw.org.

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  Gruffydd ap Cynan (1081-1137)

Gruffydd ap Cynan was born in in Ireland. He was a strong and long-lived ruler who had made the principality of Gwynedd the most influential in Wales during the sixty-two years of his reign, using Aberffraw as his power base.

The Normans had made deep advances into north Wales from their base at Chester, building a impressive castle near the traditional Welsh stronghold at Rhuddlan. However, by the early 12th century Gruffydd ap Cynan had regained much of the territory of ancient Gwynedd, claiming it for the House of Aberffraw. By the time of his death in 1137 he also controlled the western territory of Ceredigion.

The first two decades of Gruffydd's reign were a period of relative peace, during which, it is said, the literary arts were allowed to flourish following decades of warfare between the Normans and the Welsh.  The reigns of Gruffydd ap Cynan and his son Owain Gwynedd are viewed as a "Golden Age" for North Wales - lasting until the death of Owain Gwynedd in 1170,

Gruffydd, himself, died in his bed, old and blind, in 1137.

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Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd (1137-1170)

Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd is thought to have been born in Anglesey (Aberffraw?) around 1100. He was a member of the House of Aberffraw, a descendant of the senior branch of the family descended from Rhodri Mawr. He is considered to be the most successful of all the north Welsh princes prior to his grandson, Llywelyn the Great. 

Before his father's death in 1137 Owain and his brothers, Cadwallon and Cadwaladr, led the forces of Gwynedd against the Normans and other Welsh princes with great success. Following Gruffydd's death in 1137 Owain inherited a portion of a well-established kingdom, but had to share it with his brother Cadwaladr. However, following a dispute with Cadwaladr in 1143, Owain ruled alone over most of north Wales.

Owain took advantage of the civil war in England to push Gwynedd's boundaries further east than ever before. He captured Mold castle in 1146 and Rhuddlan in 1150 and then encroached on the borders of Powys.

King Henry II came to the throne of England in 1154 and he invaded Gwynedd in 1157 and Owain lost territory in the east. Henry again  invaded Gwynedd in 1165. The invasion was met by an alliance of all the Welsh princes, with Owain as the undisputed leader. However bad weather forced Henry to retreat in disorder and he did not invade Gwynedd. Later, Owain was able to regain his lost territory, recapturing Rhuddlan castle in 1167 after a siege of three months

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 On the death of Owain Gwynedd ap Gruffydd in 1170 the kingdom of Gwynedd was divided between three sons:

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  Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (1170-1173) (inherited Anglesey)

Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (1170-1195) (inherited lands to the east of Afon Conwy)

Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1170-1190) (inherited lands to the west of Afon Conwy)

Maelgwn received Anglesey as his share of this father's kingdom, but in 1173 his half-brother Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd attacked him and forced him to flee to Ireland. He returned later that same year, but was taken prisoner by Dafydd. There is no further record of his fate. 

It seems that Dafydd was recognised as pre-eminent amongst the brothers. He was regarded in some quarters as the overall leader and felt disinclined to share Gwynedd. He was also, no doubt, nervous that he might also soon share the fate of his predecessor Hywel, so in 1173 he took all of Anglesey for himself.

The following year he expelled all his remaining family rivals and made himself master of all Gwynedd. In 1175 Dafydd imprisoned his brother Rhodri. It is said  that Rhodri was "seized through treachery". 

For a while all of Gwynedd was re-united under Dafydd 's rule and in order to further strengthen his position he sought an agreement with Henry I of England. It was agreed that Dafydd would marry Emma of Anjou, who was Henry's illegitimate half sister but he received no 'official' recognition from Henry of his position as Prince of Gwynedd.

However, before the end of 1175 Dafydd's brother Rhodri had escaped from captivity and gathered sufficient support to be able to drive Dafydd from Anglesey and across the river Conwy. It appears that Dafydd and Rhodri now agreed to share Gwynedd. There is no record of any further strife between the brothers for the twenty years or so after the settlement of 1175.

Nevertheless, Rhodri later fell out with his cousins, Gruffudd and Maredudd, the sons of Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd and supporters of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. The cousins acted against Rhodri in 1190 and drove him out of Gwynedd altogether and he fled to the safety of the Isle of Man. He was briefly reinstated in 1193 with the assistance of the King of Man but was driven out of Gwynedd once more at the beginning of 1194.

Dafydd was diplomatic and tactful enough to ensure he could live at peace with his neighbours to the east and south. This appears to be the one quality recognised by his contemporaries as he was described by Giraldus Cambrensis as a man who showed "good faith and credit by observing a strict neutrality between the Welsh and English"
 

Dafydd's nemesis proved to be his nephew Llywelyn ap Iorwerth

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The Arms of the Royal House of Aberffraw.

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 Llywelyn Fawr ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn the Great) (1195-1240)

Llywelyn ap Iorwerth was born at Dolwyddelan castle in about 1173. At an early age Llywelyn considered that he had a strong claim to be the legitimate ruler of Gwynedd and began a campaign to win power. He conspired with his cousins Gruffudd and Maredudd and his uncle Rhodri to take power in eastern Gwynedd. In1194 they all united against Dafydd, also Llywelyn's uncle, and defeated him at the battle of Aberconwy. Dafydd, lost all his territory except three castles where he hung on until 1203 when Llywelyn finally expelled him from Gwynedd.

His cousin Gruffudd - who appears to have become ruler of west Gwynedd and Anglesey after the removal of Rhodri -  died in 1200 and Llywelyn became sole ruler of Gwynedd. He took the title of Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon. However, Aberffraw itself was possibly too remote, being on the western fringe of Gwynedd, and so in around 1200 Gwynedd's main court moved to Garth Celyn on the North Wales coast, between Bangor and Conwy. (Garth Celyn is now known as Pen y Bryn, Abergwyngregyn and parts of the medieval buildings still remain).

In 1201 Llywelyn signed a treaty with King John of England. In return for John's recognition of Llywelyn's territorial gains, he was to pledge fealty to the English monarch. Llywelyn's relations with John remained good for the next ten years. He married John's illegitimate daughter Joan, also known as Joanna, in 1205,  In 1208 Llywelyn annexed southern Powys.

Relations with John deteriorated and  he invaded Gwynedd in 1211 forcing Llywelyn to give up all his lands east of the River Conwy.  However, he was soon able recover these lands in alliance with the other Welsh princes and in 1121 he allied himself with the barons who had forced John to sign Magna Carta 

By 1216 Llywelyn had established himself as the foremost ruler of 'Pura Wallia' - the locally-run areas of Wales not under the control of the Marcher lords (Marchia Wallia) and he held a council at Aberdyfi that year to apportion lands to the other princes who had affirmed their allegiance to Llywelyn.

Following King John's death, Llywelyn concluded the Treaty of Worcester with his successor Henry III in 1218. During the next fifteen years Llywelyn was frequently involved in fighting with Marcher lords and sometimes with the king, but also made alliances with several of the major powers in the Marches. A Peace Treaty in1234 marked the end of Llywelyn's military career and he maintained his position in Wales until his death in 1240 He was succeeded by his son Dafydd ap Llywelyn.

1195 - 1378

The banner of the Princely House of Aberffraw and the Kingdom of Gwynedd. It was famously used by Llywelyn the Great, Llywelyn the Last and Owain Lawgoch. The English Prince of Wales uses a version of this flag today emblazoned with a Crown on a green shield

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Dafydd ap Llywelyn (1240-1246)

Dafydd ap Llywelyn was the first acknowledged Prince of Wales. He was the only son of Llywelyn the Great by his wife Joan (daughter of King John).

Llywelyn had gone to great lengths to have Dafydd accepted as his sole heir and in 1220 he had Dafydd recognised as his named heir by his uncle King Henry III of England . (By Welsh law Dafydd's older half brother, Gruffydd, had a claim to succession and there was considerable support for Gruffydd in Gwynedd).

Although Henry III of England had accepted Dafydd's claim to rule Gwynedd, he did not allowed him to retain his father's conquests outside Gwynedd. Dafydd was forced to agree to this limitation after Henry III  invaded Gwynedd. He also had to hand over his half brother Gruffydd whom he had been keeping a prisoner. Gruffydd died trying to escape from the Tower of London by climbing down a knotted sheet, and fell to his death in early 1244.

Dafydd later entered into an alliance with other Welsh princes to attack English possessions in Wales. The revolt had some success, and in 1245 King Henry again invaded Gwynedd and built a new castle at Deganwy. Savage fighting followed, but the campaign was ended by the sudden death of Dafydd at Garth Celyn in February 1246.

Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was the second son of Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (c.1200 –1244) who was, in turn, the eldest, illegitimate, son of Llywelyn the Great and half-brother to  Dafydd ap Llywelyn.  Llywelyn ap Gruffydd was also the second recognised Welsh Prince of Wales and the last of the 700 year dynasty of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. His court and retinue moved between the palaces at Aberffraw, Garth Celyn, Nefyn, and Abersoch.  

After the Coronation of Edward I in 1274, the new King expected Llywelyn ap Gruffudd to pay homage to him. Llywelyn refused five times. As a result, Edward mustered an large army and invaded Wales in 1277 and 1282-3.

In November 1282 the Archbishop of Canterbury came to Garth Celyn to mediate between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Edward I. Llywelyn was offered a bribe; one thousand pounds a year and an estate in England, if he would surrender his nation to Edward. Llywelyn rejected the offer and on 11th December 1282 Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed after a brief engagement with English forces at Irfon Bridge near Builth Wells.

On the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, in 1282, Gruffudd ap yrYnad Goch lamented the king as 'the Oak Door of Aberffraw'.

For Edward 1 the capture of the island had both a strategic and symbolic importance. During July and August 1283 he made a victory tour of the island which included Aberffraw. 

The Statute of Rhuddlan (1284) effectively ended the independence of the principality. What had comprised the lands of the Princes of Gwynedd, became the new counties of Anglesey, Caernarfon, Merioneth, Cardigan and Carmarthen. The new administration was based in Caernarfon. The royal lands of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd became English Crown property which, of course, included the llys and village of Aberffraw. 

Edward’s son, Edward II, born in Caernarfon, was proclaimed the first English Prince of Wales. Thus Aberffraw was consigned to a marginal future. It was no longer a place of importance and would be relegated to relative insignificance and obscurity. 

Llywelyn is spelt in a number of ways in various historic documents: Llywelyn=Llewelyn=Llewellyn.